Short Brief History Of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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Introduction 


The scholarly foundations of AI and the idea of intelligent machines might be found in Greek folklore. Intelligent curios show up in writing from that point forward, with genuine (and false) mechanical gadgets really exhibited to carry on with some level of intelligence. Some of these reasonable accomplishments are recorded beneath under "Antiquated History."

After present-day PCs wound up available, after World War II, it has turned out to be conceivable to make programs that perform troublesome scholarly undertakings. From these projects, general devices are built which have applications in a wide assortment of everyday issues. Some of these computational points of reference are recorded underneath under "Present-day History."


Old History 

Greek myths of Hephaestus, the metal forger who made mechanical workers, and the bronze man Talos join the possibility of intelligent robots. Numerous different myths in ancient history include human-like antiques. Numerous mechanical toys and models were really developed, e.g., by Archytas of Tarentum, Hero, Daedalus and other genuine people.


Fourth Century B.C. 

  • Aristotle imagined syllogistic rationale, the primary formal deductive thinking framework. 

Thirteenth century 

  • Talking heads were said to have been made, Roger Bacon and Albert the Great supposedly among the proprietors. 
  • Ramon Lull, a Spanish scholar, developed machines for finding non mathematical facts through combinatorics. 
  • In 1206 A.D., Al-Jazari, an Arab creator, composed what is accepted to be the principal programmable humanoid robot, a watercraft conveying four mechanical performers controlled by the water stream. 

Fifteenth Century 

  • Development of printing utilizing moveable write. Gutenberg Bible printed (1456). 
  • Fifteenth-Sixteenth Century 
  • Timekeepers, the principal present-day estimating machines, were first delivered utilizing machines. 

Sixteenth Century 

  • Clockmakers stretched out their art to making mechanical creatures and different oddities. For instance, see DaVinci's strolling lion (1515). 
  • Rabbi Loew of Prague is said to have developed the Golem, a dirt man enlivened (1580). 

Seventeenth Century 

  • Ahead of schedule in the century, Descartes recommended that groups of creatures are just mind-boggling machines. Numerous other seventeenth-century masterminds offered varieties and elaborations of the Cartesian component.
  • Pascal made the principal mechanical advanced computing machine (1642). 
  • Thomas Hobbes distributed The Leviathan (1651), containing an unthinking and combinatorial hypothesis of reasoning. 
  • Arithmetical machines conceived by Sir Samuel Morland in the vicinity of 1662 and 1666 
  • Leibniz enhanced Pascal's machine to do duplication and division with a machine called the Step Reckoner (1673) and imagined a widespread math of thinking by which contentions could be chosen mechanically. 

Eighteenth Century 

  • The eighteenth century saw a bounty of mechanical toys, including the commended mechanical duck of Vaucanson and von Kempelen's fraud mechanical chess player, The Turk (1769). Edgar Allen Poe composed (in the Southern Literary Messenger, April 1836) that the Turk couldn't be a machine in light of the fact that, in the event that it was, it would not lose. 

Nineteenth Century 

  • Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard linger, the primary programmable machine, with directions on punched cards (1801). 
  • Luddites (by Marjie Bloy, PhD. Victorian Web) (drove by Ned Ludd) wrecked machinery in England (1811-1816). See additionally What the Luddites Really Fought Against. By Richard Conniff, Smithsonian magazine (March 2011). 
  • Mary Shelley distributed the narrative of Frankenstein's creature (1818). The book Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus available from Project Gutenberg. 
  • Charles Babbage and Ada Byron (Lady Lovelace) planned a programmable mechanical ascertaining machine, the Analytical Engine (1832). A working model was worked in 2002; a short video demonstrates it working. 
  • George Boole built up a twofold variable based math speaking to (a few) "laws of thought," distributed in The Laws of Thought (1854). 
  • Present day propositional rationale created by Gottlob Frege in his 1879 work Begriffsschrift and later elucidated and extended by Russell, Tarski, Godel, Church, and others.

Twentieth Century - First Half 

  • Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead distributed Principia Mathematica, which revolutionized formal rationale. Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Rudolf Carnap lead theory into the legitimate investigation of learning. 
  • Torres y Quevedo manufacturer his chess machine 'Ajedrecista', utilizing electromagnets under the board to play the endgame rook and lord against the solitary ruler, conceivably the principal PC diversion (1912). 
  • Karel Capek's play "R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots) delivered in 1921 (London opening, 1923). - First utilization of the word 'robot' in English. 
  • Alan Turing proposed the widespread Turing machine (1936-37) 
  • Electro, a mechanical man, presented by Westinghouse Electric the World's Fair in New York (1939), alongside Sparko, a mechanical canine. 
  • Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts distribute "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" (1943), establishing frameworks for neural systems. 
  • Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener and Julian Bigelow coin the expression "artificial intelligence" in a 1943 paper. Wiener's prevalent book by that name distributed in 1948. 
  • Emil Post demonstrates that creation frameworks are a general computational system (1943). See Ch.2 of Rule-Based Expert Systems for the employment of generation frameworks in AI. Post likewise did vital work on culmination, irregularity, and verification hypothesis. 
  • George Polya distributed his top of the line book on speculation heuristically, How to Solve It in 1945. This book presented the term 'heuristic' into current reasoning and has impacted numerous AI researchers. 
  • Vannevar Bush distributed As We May Think (Atlantic Monthly, July 1945) an insightful vision without bounds in which PCs help people in numerous exercises. 
  • Dim Walter tried different things with self-ruling robots, turtles named Elsie and Elmer, at Bristol (1948-49) in light of the start that few brain cells could offer ascent to complex practices. 
  • A.M. Turing distributed "Figuring Machinery and Intelligence" (1950). - Introduction of Turing Test as a method for operationalizing a trial of intelligent conduct. See The Turing Institute for additional on Turing. 
  • Claude Shannon distributed detailed investigation of chess playing as a pursuit in "Programming a PC to play chess" (1950). 
  • Isaac Asimov distributed his three laws of robotics (1950). 

Modern History 

  • The cutting-edge history of AI starts with the advancement of put away program electronic PCs. For a short rundown, see Genius and Tragedy at Dawn of Computer Age By ALICE RAWSTHORN, NY Times (March 25, 2012 ), an audit of innovation antiquarian George Dyson's book "Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe." 

1956 

  • John McCarthy authored the expression "artificial intelligence" as the theme of the Dartmouth Conference, the primary meeting gave to the subject. 
  • Exhibition of the primary running AI program, the Logic Theorist (LT) composed by Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and Herbert Simon (Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon University). See Over the occasions 50 years prior, two researchers brought forth artificial intelligence. 

1957 

  • The General Problem Solver (GPS) exhibited by Newell, Shaw, and Simon. 

1952-62 

  • Arthur Samuel (IBM) composed the main amusement playing program, for checkers, to accomplish adequate expertise to challenge a title holder. Samuel's machine learning programs were in charge of the elite of the checkers player. 

1958 

  • John McCarthy (MIT) imagined the Lisp dialect. 
  • Herb Gelernter and Nathan Rochester (IBM) portrayed a hypothesis prover in geometry that endeavors a semantic model of the domain as outlines of "normal" cases. 
  • Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes was held in the UK and among the papers exhibited were John McCarthy's Programs with Common Sense, " Oliver Selfridge's "Mayhem," and Marvin Minsky's "A few Methods of Heuristic Programming and Artificial Intelligence." 

Late 50's and Early 60's 

  • Margaret Masterman and partners at Cambridge outline semantic nets for machine interpretation. See Themes in crafted by Margaret Masterman by Yorick Wilks (1988).

1961 

  • James Slagle (Ph.D. thesis, MIT) composed (in Lisp) the principal representative coordination program, SAINT, which tackled math issues at the school green bean level. 

1962 

  • In the first place modern robot organization, Animation, established. 

1963 

  • Thomas Evans' program, ANALOGY, composed as a major aspect of his Ph.D. work at MIT, showed that PCs can take care of indistinguishable similarity issues from are given on IQ tests. 
  • Ivan Sutherland's MIT paper on Sketchpad presented the possibility of intuitive designs into registering. 
  • Edward A. Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman distributed Computers and Thought, the main accumulation of articles about artificial intelligence. 

1964 

  • Danny Bobrow paper at MIT (tech.report #1 from MIT's AI gathering, Project MAC), demonstrates that PCs can comprehend normal dialect all around ok to tackle polynomial math word issues accurately. 
  • Bert Raphael's MIT exposition on the SIR program exhibits the energy of a legitimate portrayal of information for question-noting frameworks 

1965 

  • J. Alan Robinson designed a mechanical evidence methodology, the Resolution Method, which enabled projects to work productively with formal rationale as a portrayal dialect. (See Carl Hewitt's downloadable PDF document Middle History of Logic Programming). 
  • Joseph Weizenbaum (MIT) assembled ELIZA, an intuitive program that carries on a discourse in English on any theme. It was a well-known toy at AI focuses on the ARPAnet when a variant that "mimicked" the exchange of a psychotherapist was modified. 

1966 

  • Ross Quillian (Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Inst. of Technology; now CMU) showed semantic nets. 
  • To begin with Machine Intelligence workshop at Edinburgh - the first of a powerful yearly arrangement sorted out by Donald Michie and others. 
  • Negative provide details regarding machine interpretation murders much work in Natural Language Processing (NLP) for a long time. 

1967 

  • Dendral program (Edward Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg, Bruce Buchanan, Georgia Sutherland at Stanford) exhibited to decipher mass spectra on natural concoction mixes. To start with an effective information-based program for logical thinking. 
  • Joel Moses (Ph.D. work at MIT) showed the energy of emblematic thinking for coordination issues in the Macsyma (PDF record) program. To begin with effective learning based program in arithmetic. 
  • Richard Greenblatt at MIT assembled an information-based chess-playing program, MacHack, that was adequate to accomplish a class-C rating in competition play. 

The Late 60s 

  • Doug Engelbart created the mouse at SRI. 

1968 

  • Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert distribute Perceptrons, showing breaking points of basic neural nets. 

1969 

  • SRI robot, Shakey, showed consolidating velocity, observation, and critical thinking. 
  • Roger Schank (Stanford) characterized applied reliance demonstrate for normal dialect understanding. Later created (in Ph.D. theses at Yale) for use in story understanding by Robert Wilensky and Wendy Lehnert, and for use in understanding memory by Janet Kolodner. 
  • To begin with, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) held in Washington, D.C. 


1970 

  • Jaime Carbonell (Sr.) created SCHOLAR, an intelligent program for a PC aided guideline in view of semantic nets as the portrayal of information. 
  • Bill Woods depicted Augmented Transition Networks (ATN's) as a portrayal for normal dialect understanding. 
  • Patrick Winston's Ph.D. program, ARCH, at MIT took in ideas from cases in the realm of youngsters' squares. 

Early 70's 

  • Jane Robinson and Don Walker set up powerful Natural Language Processing bunch at SRI. 

1971 

  • Terry Winograd's Ph.D. proposition (MIT) showed the capacity of PCs to comprehend English sentences in a limited universe of youngsters' squares, in a coupling of his dialect understanding project, SHRDLU, with a robot arm that did directions composed in English. 

1972 

  • Prolog created by Alain Colmerauer. 

1973 

  • The Assembly Robotics bunch at Edinburgh University fabricates Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot, fit for utilizing vision to find and gather models. 

1974 

  • Ted Shortliffe's Ph.D. exposition on MYCIN (Stanford) showed the energy run based frameworks for learning portrayal and surmising in the domain of medicinal analysis and treatment. Here and there called the main master framework. 
  • Baron Sacerdoti created one of the main arranging projects, ABSTRIPS, and created methods of progressive arranging.

1975 

  • Marvin Minsky distributed his generally read and compelling article on Frames as a portrayal of learning, in which numerous thoughts regarding constructions and semantic connections are united. 
  • The Meta-Dendral learning program delivered new outcomes in science (a few standards of mass spectrometry) the principal logical disclosures by a PC to be distributed in a refereed diary. 

Mid 70's 

  • Barbara Grosz (SRI) set up points of confinement to conventional AI ways to deal with talk displaying. Ensuring work by Grosz, Bonnie Webber, and Candace Sidner built up the idea of "focusing", utilized as a part of building up the focal point of talk and anaphoric references in NLP. 
  • Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg (Xerox PARC) built up the Smalltalk dialect, setting up the energy of protest situated programming and of symbol arranged interfaces. 
  • David Marr and MIT associates portray the "primal outline" and its part in visual discernment. 

1976 

  • Doug Lenat AM program (Stanford Ph.D. thesis) showed the revelation display (approximately guided look for intriguing guesses). 
  • Randall Davis exhibited the energy of meta-level thinking in his Ph.D. thesis at Stanford. 

Late 70's 

  • Stanford's SUMEX-AIM asset, headed by Ed Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg, exhibits the energy of the ARPAnet for logical joint effort. 

1978 

  • Tom Mitchell, at Stanford, developed the idea of Version Spaces for portraying the inquiry space of an idea arrangement program. 
  • Herb Simon wins the Nobel Prize in Economics for his hypothesis of limited levelheadedness, one of the foundations of AI known as "satisficing". 
  • The MOLGEN program, composed at Stanford by Mark Stefik and Peter Friedland, showed that a protest situated portrayal of information can be utilized to design quality cloning tests. 

1979 

  • Mycin program, at first composed as Ted Shortliffe's Ph.D. paper at Stanford, was exhibited to perform at the level of specialists. Bill VanMelle's Ph.D. paper at Stanford showed the consensus of MYCIN's portrayal of learning and style of thinking in his EMYCIN program, the model for some, business master framework "shells". 
  • Jack Myers and Harry Pople at the University of Pittsburgh created INTERNIST, a learning construct therapeutic determination program situated in light of Dr. Myers' clinical information. 
  • Cordell Green, David Barstow, Elaine Kant and others at Stanford showed the CHI framework for programmed programming. 
  • The Stanford Cart, worked by Hans Moravec, turns into the primary PC controlled, self-ruling vehicle when it effectively crosses a chair-filled room and circumnavigates the Stanford AI Lab. 
  • Drew McDermott and Jon Doyle at MIT, and John McCarthy at Stanford start distributing take a shot at non-monotonic rationales and formal parts of truth maintenance. 

1980's 

  • Drawl Machines created and advertised. 
  • To start with master framework shells and business applications. 

1980 

  • Lee Erman, Rick Hayes-Roth, Victor Lesser and Raj Reddy distributed the primary depiction of the slate demonstrate, as the structure for the HEARSAY-II discourse understanding framework. 
  • To start with National Conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) held at Stanford. 


1981 

  • Danny Hillis outlines the association machine, a hugely parallel design that conveys new energy to AI, and to a calculation by and large. (Later establishes Thinking Machines, Inc.) 

1983 

  • John Laird and Paul Rosenbloom, working with Allen Newell, finish CMU theses on SOAR. 

  • James Allen imagines the Interval Calculus, the main generally utilized formalization of transient occasions. 

Mid 80's 

  • Neural Networks turn out to be broadly utilized with the Backpropagation calculation (first portrayed by Werbos in 1974). 

1985 

  • The independent illustration program, Aaron, made by Harold Cohen, is exhibited at the AAAI National Conference (in view of over a time of work, and with resulting work demonstrating significant advancements). 

1987 

  • Marvin Minsky distributes The Society of Mind, a hypothetical portrayal of the brain as an accumulation of collaborating operators. 

1989

  • Senior member Pomerleau at CMU makes ALVINN (An Autonomous Land Vehicle in a Neural Network), which developed into the framework that drove an auto across the nation under PC control for everything except around 50 of the 2850 miles. 


1990's 

  • Real advances in every aspect of AI, with noteworthy showings in machine learning, intelligent mentoring, case-based thinking, multi-operator arranging, planning, uncertain thinking, information mining, common dialect comprehension and interpretation, vision, virtual reality, amusements, and different points. 
  • Bar Brooks' COG Project at MIT, with various colleagues, gains critical ground in building a humanoid robot 
  • TD-Gammon, a backgammon program composed by Gerry Tesauro, exhibits that support learning is sufficiently intense to make a title level diversion playing program by contending positively with world-class players. 
  • EQP hypothesis prover at Argonne National Labs demonstrates the Robbins Conjecture in science (October-November, 1996). 
  • The Deep Blue chess program beats the present world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, in a generally took after match and rematch (See Deep Blue Wins). (May eleventh, 1997). 
  • NASA's Pathfinder mission made an effective landing and the primary independent robotics framework, Sojourner, was sent on the surface of Mars. (July 4, 1997) 
  • In the first place official Robo-Cup soccer coordinate (1997) including table-top matches with 40 groups of interfacing robots and more than 5000 observers. 
  • Web crawlers and other AI-based data extraction programs wind up basic in the broad utilization of the internet. 
  • An exhibit of an Intelligent Room and Emotional Agents at MIT's AI Lab. Start of work on the Oxygen Architecture, which interfaces portable and stationary PCs in a versatile system. 

2000's 

  • Intuitive robot pets (a.k.a. "shrewd toys") turn out to be economically available, understanding the vision of the eighteenth can. curiosity toy creators. 
  • Cynthia Breazeal at MIT distributes her paper on Sociable Machines, portraying KISMET, a robot with a face that communicates feelings. 
  • Stanford's self-governing vehicle, Stanley, wins DARPA Grand Challenge race. (October 2005). (Find In a Grueling Desert Race, a Winner, however Not a Driver. 
  • The Nomad robot investigates remote districts of Antarctica searching for shooting star tests.